![]() Having an estimation of future population trends can assist authorities in better planning and designing cities and their infrastructure systems for depopulation. In particular, population loss in already developed cities can result in underutilized infrastructure with poor maintenance, possibly leading to disruptions in basic services like transit, clean water, electricity and internet access 8, 9. Depopulation, along with aging infrastructure systems, creates social, economic and policy challenges 7. ![]() In 2021, the United States experienced its slowest growth since its foundation 6. ![]() Although this decline was happening in many cities, it was not widely recognized before the 1970s (ref. At the same time, the construction of expressways supported this migration from city to suburbs 5. These trends were in part due to migration from city centers to suburban areas and from the Northeast/Midwest to Southern cities, coupled with a decline in manufacturing jobs and land-use regulation changes 4. After World War II, population decline propagated to city centers, affecting larger cities such as Philadelphia, Detroit and Chicago. Young adults often migrate out of rural business centers, altering the demographic composition and leaving an aging population in depopulating areas. This population decline in rural United States started long ago 2 and is indicative of an economic shift, which ultimately reduces community well-being and the possibility of a sustainable future 3. According to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), nonmetropolitan counties accounted for 3.2% of the population loss between 20 (ref. In many places in the United States, population decline, or depopulation, has become a demographic reality.
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